Scale Dependency of Rarity, Extinction Risk, and Conservation Priority
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چکیده
In developing red data books of threatened species, the World Conservation Union uses measures of rarity, rates of decline, and population fragmentation to categorize species according to their risk of extinction. However, most quantitative measures of these three concepts are sensitive to the scale at which they are made. In particular, definitions of rarity based on an area-of-occupancy threshold can nearly always be met if area of occupancy is calculated from a sufficiently fine-scale (high-resolution) grid. Recommendations for dealing with scale dependency include (1) choosing a standard scale of measurement, (2) using multiple scales of measurement, and (3) developing indices that combine information from multiple scales. As an example of the second and third approach, the construction of a species’ scale-area curve represents a unifying method for quantifying all three indicators of extinction risk—rarity, rate of decline, and population fragmentation—as functions of area of occupancy and measurement scale. A multiscale analysis is also of practical importance because measurements made at different scales are relevant to different extinction processes. Coarse-scale measures of rarity are most appropriate when threat is assessed on the basis of spatially autocorrelated events of a large extent, such as global climate change, whereas fine-scale measures may best predict extinction risk due to local processes such as demographic stochasticity. We illustrate our arguments with a case study of the British distributions of two related plant species that show a 200-fold reversal in their relative rarity when measured at different scales. Dependencia de la Escala de la Rareza, Riesgo de Extinción y Prioridad de Conservación Resumen: Al desarrollar los libros rojos de especies amenazadas, la Unión para la Conservación Mundial utiliza medidas de rareza, tasas de declinación y fragmentación de la población para categorizar especies según su riesgo de extinción. Sin embargo, la mayoŕıa de las medidas cuantitativas de estos tres conceptos son sensibles a la escala en la que son hechas. En particular, las definiciones de rareza basadas en un umbral de área de ocupación casi siempre pueden ser satisfechas si el área de ocupación es calculada en una rejilla de escala lo suficientemente fina (alta resolución). Las recomendaciones para tratar con la dependencia de la escala incluyen (1) selección de una escala estándar de medida, (2) utilización de múltiples escalas de medición y (3) desarrollo de ı́ndices que combinan información de múltiples escalas. Como ejemplo del segundo y tercer método, la construcción de una curva escala-área de una especie representa un método unificador para cuantificar los tres indicadores del riesgo de extinción (rareza, tasa de declinación y fragmentación de la población) como funciones del área de ocupación y escala de medición. Un análisis multiescala también tiene importancia práctica porque las medidas tomadas a diferente escala son relevantes para diferentes procesos de extinción. Medidas de grano grueso de la rareza son más apropiadas cuando se evalúa la amenaza de eventos espacialmente autocorrelacionados de gran extensión, tal como el cambio climático global, mientras que las medidas de grano fino pueden predecir mejor el riesgo de extinción debido a procesos locales como la estocacidad demográfica. Ejemplificamos nuestros argumentos con un estudio de caso de la distribución británica de dos especies de plantas relacionadas que muestran una reversión de 200 veces en su rareza relativa cuando se miden en escalas diferentes. ∗Current address: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand, email stephen.hartley@ vuw.ac.nz Paper submitted January 15, 2002; revised manuscript accepted February 25, 2003.
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تاریخ انتشار 2003